Note: Tergantung konteks kalimatnya, adjective pronouns (i.e. my, his, her, their, our, your, its) juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan the, namun, keduanya tidak dapat digunakan secara bersamaan.
Misalnya: in the room - in his room; in the pocket – in my pocket. Tetapi INCORRECT jika: in the his room; in the my pocket, dst
b. in + wilayah (blok, RT, RW, desa, kabupaten, provinsi, kota, pulau, negara, dll.)
Cont0h:
- Ahmad Fannany lives in Palembang. (Ahmad Fannany tinggal di Palembang)
- Most people in villages cannot access internet. (Kebanyakan orang (yang tinggal) di desa-desa tidak dapat mengakses internet).
- Most people in Indonesia reside in Java. (reside = live = tinggal: Kebanyakan orang di Indonesia tinggal di Jawa).
- Amelia and Henni are in Japan now. (Amelia dan Henni ada di Jepang sekarang).
c. in + the + morning/afternoon/evening
Contoh:
- The class begins in the morning and ends in the afternoon. (Kelas (pelajaran itu dimulai di pagi hari dan berkahir di sore hari).
- He left in the evening and will be back at midnight. (Dia berangkat/pergi sore hari dan akan kembali tengah malam).
Note: Gunakan AT jika diikuti oleh midnight. INCORRECT jika ditulis “in the midnight atau in midnight”. Kata-kata lain yang dapat mengikuti AT dapat dilihat pada Penggunaan AT. e.
d. in + nama bulan/tahun
Contoh:
- My birthday is in October. (Ulang tahunku adalah pada bulan Oktober)
- Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945. (Indonesia memproklamirkan kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1945).
Note: Gunakan ON jika diikuti oleh nama hari atau tanggal. (Lihat Penggunaan ON. b)
e. in + the + past/future
Contoh:
- In the past, attendance at school was not compulsory, but it is now. (Dulu, bersekolah bukan merupakan keharusan, tetapi sekarang menjadi keharusan).
- If the massive deforestation continues as it does today, all of the islands in Indonesia will become deserts in the future. (deforestation = penggundulan hutan; desert = gurun; Jika penebangan hutan secara besar-besaran terus berlangsung seperti yang terjadi saat ini, semua pulau di Indonesia akan menjadi gurun di masa mendatang)
f. in + the + beginning/end
Contoh:
- They didn’t know each other in the beginning, but in the end they became friends. (Mereka tidak saling mengenal/tahu pada awalnya, tetapi pada akhirnya mereka berteman).
- In the end of this article, you will be linked to Practice test 6. (Di bagian akhir artikel ini, kamu akan dilink (ditautkan) ke Practice test 6).
g. in the middle
Contoh:
- I am lost. I am in the middle of nowhere. (Aku tersesat. Aku tidak tahu dimana aku sekarang berada).
- My friends could not spot me because I was in the middle of the crowd. (spot = melihat; Teman-temanku tidak dapat melihatku karena aku berada di tengah-tengah kerumunan orang).
h. in time
In time = early enough = “beberapa saat sebelum waktu yang telah ditentukan”.
- Bloko had arrived 15 minutes before the meeting began. He was in time. (Bloko telah tiba 15 menit sebelum meetingnya dimulai).
- Which one do you prefer: being in time, on time, or late? (Yang mana yang kamu lebih suka: tiba lebih awal sedikit, tepat waktu, atau telat?).
Note: Apakah bedanya dengan ON TIME ? (Lihat Penggunaan ON. g)
i. in the street
Contoh:
- Children should not play in the street. (Anak-anak seharusnya tidak bermain di jalan).
- I used to play football in the street in front of my house. (Dulu, aku biasa bermain bola di jalan di depan rumahku).
Note: Gunakan ON jika diikuti oleh nama jalan. (Lihat Penggunaan ON. c )
j. in the way
Contoh:
- He could not park his car in the driveway because another car was in the way. (Dia tidak dapat memparkir mobilnya di driveway (jalur/jalan keluar-masuk mobil di rumah/kantor/banguan, etc ke jalan utama) karena ada sebuah mobil yang lain yang mengalangi jalan ke driveway tersebut).
- I stopped paddling my bicycle and then pushed the brake because a crowd of kittens was playing in the way. (Aku berhenti mengayuh sepedaku dan kemudian menginjak rem karena segerombolan anak kucing sedang bermain di jalan/jalur (yang aku mau lewati).
Note: Bedakan dengan on the way. (Lihat Penggunaan ON. j)
k. once in a while
Once in a while = at times =occasionally = sometimes = kadang-kadang/sekali-sekali.
Contoh:
- Once in a while, we go out for dinner. (Kadang-kadang, kami makan malam di luar (i.e di restaurant, warung, etc).
- Once in a while, the naughty boy behaves well. (Kadang-kadang, anak nakal itu berprilaku baik).
l. in no time at all
In no time at all = dalam waktu yang sangat singkat.
Contoh:
- Robert finished his assignment in no time at all. (Robert menyelesaikan tugas/PR-nya dalam waktu yang sangat singkat).
m. in the meantime
In the meantime = at the same time = meanwhile = sementara itu; pada saat yang bersamaan.
Contoh:
- School starts in several weeks, in the meantime, let’s have fun. (Sekolah (akan) dimulai dalam beberapa minggu, sementara belum sekolah, mari kita bersenang-senang).
n. in + the + army/air force/navy.
Contoh:
- My brother has been in the army since he graduated from senior high school. (army = angkatan darat; Kakakku telah di angkatan darat sejak dia tamat SMA).
- The number of females in the air force is much fewer than that of males. (air force = angkatan udara; Jumlah perempuan di angkatan udara jauh lebih sedikit dari pria).
o. in + the + ordinal number + row (pada baris ke).
Ordinal number : first, second, third, fourth,…, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, …, twenty first, twenty second, twenty third, twenty fourth, dst.
Contoh:
- You will be able to watch the performance best if you sit in the first row. (in the first row = pada baris pertama; Kamu akan dapat menonton pertunjukkan itu dengan paling baik jika kamu duduk di baris pertama).
- Students who sit in the first row of the classroom usually have better grades, don’t they? (Murid-murid yang duduk di baris pertama di kelas biasanya memiliki nilai yang lebih baik, bukan?)
p. in the event that (= if).
Contoh:
- In the event that you win a certain prize, you will be notified by mail. Please remember (that) we will NEVER notify you by SMS. Therefore, in the event that someone tells your winning a prize by SMS, do not bait. Otherwise, you will be fooled. (be fooled = tertipu; Jika anda memenangkan sebuah hadiah tertentu, anda akan diberitahu lewat email. Ingatlah bahwa kami tidak pernah memberitahu anda lewat SMS. Oleh karena itu, jika seseorang memberitahu anda lewat SMS, janganlah dihiraukan. Jika dihiraukan, anda akan tertipu).
- You should know how to perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), an important life saving procedure before a medical assistance arrives. You could save someone’s life in the event that he or she doesn’t breathe and his or her heart fails to beat. (Kamu seharusnya tahu bagaimana melakukan CPR (pertolongan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut), sebuah prosedur penyelamatan (jiwa) sebelum ambulance tiba. Kamu dapat menyelamatkan jiwa seseorang jika orang itu tidak bernafas atau jika jantungnya tidak berdetak).
q. in case (if).
Contoh:
- I will give you the key to the house so you’ll have it in case I arrive a little late. (Aku akan memberimu kunci rumah agar kamu dapat menggunakannya (masuk rumah) jika aku pulang telat).
- Feel free to post a question in case you need further explanations (Jangan sungkan memposting pertanyaan jika kamu butuh penjelasan lebih lanjut).
r. (get) in touch with, (get) in contact with (berhubungan/berkomunikasi).
Contoh:
- It’s very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all day. (Sangat sulit menghubungi Jenny karena dia bekerja seharian)
- The last time I got in contact with her was last January. (Terakhir kali aku berkomunikasi dengan dia adalah Januari lalu).
- The last time I was in touch with her was last January. (Terakhir kali aku berkomunikasi dengan dia adalah Januari lalu).
Penggunaan Kata Depan ON
Tulisan ini membahas penggunaan kata depan (preposition) ON ketika digunakan dalam prepositional phrase, baik sebagai modifier of place, modifier of time, maupun ketika digunakan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan (expressions).
a. on + the + permukaan benda
Phrase ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu benda berada atau menempel/bersentuhan pada permukaan benda lain. ON berarti “di atas” jika menempel di atas permukaan benda lainnya. Sebaliknya, gunakan ABOVE untuk menyatakan “di atas” tetapi bendanya tidak menempel.
Note: Article the, juga bisa digantikan dengan adjective pronouns.
Contoh:
- Why don’t you hang your pictures on the wall?
- There’s something on your cheek. (cheek = pipi).
- I put the book on your desk.
- We were not allowed to make comments. We had to sit still on the couch listening. (still = diam; couch = sofa).
b. on + nama hari/tanggal
Contoh:
- My birthday is in October, exactly on October 24. I was born on the 24th of October in 1966.
- Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945, or exactly on August 17, 1945.
- I will be busy on Friday, but I will be free on Saturday.
Note: Gunakan IN jika diikuti oleh nama bulan atau tahun. (Lihat Penggunaan IN. d)
c. on + nama jalan
Contoh:
- Mr. Smith, our English teacher, lives on Jalan Diponegoro.
- A terrible accident took place on Jalan Sudirman this morning.
Note: Gunakan AT untuk menyatakan alamat (no. rumah/bangunan + nama jalan). (Lihat Penggunaan AT. b )
d. 0n + a/the + bus/plane/train/ship/bike
- You’re late. Janet just got on the plane.
- I saw Maria on a bus this morning.
- A few days before Idul Fitri, many train passengers usually have no seats. They have to stand on the train or even dangerously sit on the roof of the train.
Note:
- Gunakan IN jika diikuti oleh car/van.
- Get in the car!
- After all family members had got in the van, they left for their home village.
- Untuk truck, gunakan IN jika berada di dalam ruangan sopir, dan gunakan ON jika berada di bak truck.
- Luckily, there was one seat left in the truck, otherwise, I would have sat on the back of the truck.
e. on + the + (ordinal number/adjective) + floor
Contoh:
- You guys can sleep on the bed and I will sleep on the floor.
- Heru lives in an apartment. He lives on the twenty- second floor of that apartment.
- Sir, we have only one room left on the thirteenth floor.
f. on the beach
Contoh:
- I saw them walking on the beach a few minutes ago.
- If you go to Kuta, Bali, you will see a lot of tourists lying on the beach. (lie = berbaring)
g. on time
On time = punctual = tepat waktu. Bedakan dengan in time. (Lihat IN. h).
Contoh:
- The meeting started at 10 a.m. Robby arrived at 10. He was on time.
- Despite the bad weather, our plane took off on time.
h. on the corner
On the corner = di pojok/di persimpangan. Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu lokasi yang terletak di sebuah persimpangan jalan.
Contoh:
- The police station is on the corner of Jalan Diponegoro and Jalan Sudirman.
- The shopping center is on the corner of Main Street and Pasadena Avenue.
Note: Di Canada dan USA, nama jalan ditambahkan kata “Street” (disingkat St. Misalnya: Main St.) jika jalan tersebut membentang dari timur ke barat. Sebaliknya, ditambahkan kata “Avenue” (disingkat Ave. Misalnya Pasadena Ave.) jika jalannya membentang dari utara ke selatan.
i. on the sidewalk
Contoh:
- Don’t walk in the street. Walk on the sidewalk.
j. on the way
On the way = dalam perjalanan. Bedakan dengan in the way. (Lihat IN. j).
Contoh:
- I will buy the book (that) the professor told us to read on the way to campus.
- I think James is on the way to his girl friend’s house now.
k. on +the + right/left.
Contoh:
- My office is on the left wing of the building while Ronny’s is on the right.
- Do you know those two girls? Yes, of course, I do. The one sitting on the right is Lucy, while the one on the left is Lissie.
l. on + television/ the telephone/(the) radio.
Contoh:
- The debate will be on television tonight.
- The manager is on the telephone. He will be here soon.
- Before the television era, we used to listen to live sports games on the radio.
Note : the didak digunakan jika on diikuti oleh television; the harus digunakan jika diikuti oleh telephone/phone; the optional (bisa digunakan, bisa tidak) jika diikuti oleh radio.
m. on the whole
On the whole= in general = secara keseluruhan.
Contoh:
- On the whole, the rescue mission was well done.
- Although SBY has been criticized on certain issues, on the whole, he is considered successful in governing our country.
n. on the other hand
On the other hand = however = nevertheless.
Contoh:
- The present perfect tense is never used to indicate a specific time; on the other hand, the simple past tense is.
- He wants to study English at the university; on the other hand, his parents want him to take economics.
o. on sale
On sale = diobral, dijual lebih mural dari harga normal.
Contoh:
- The cellphones will go on sale this weekend.
- The regular price of the book is $99.95, but today it’s on sale for $75.
p. on foot
On foot = walking = jalan kaki.
Contoh:
- My car did not start so I came on foot.
- Although he has a car, he prefers to go to his office on foot.
Note: ON pada ungkapan on foot juga bisa digantikan dengan BY. (i.e by foot).
Penggunaan preposition AT
Berikut adalah beberapa penggunaan AT ketika digunakan dalam prepositional phrase, baik sebagai modifier of place, modifier of time, maupun ketika digunakan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan (expressions).
a. at + the + nama bangunan
Phrase ini digunakan untuk menyatakan general location, tetapi kurang spesifik dibandingkan dengan IN. (Lihat Penggunaan IN. a)
Contoh:
- Jane is at the bank at present.
- We met John at the bookstore yesterday.
b. at + alamat (rumah/kantor, dll)
Penulisan alamat umumnya diawali dengan nomor rumah/kantor, dll. kemudian diikuti oleh nama jalan, dst.
Contoh:
- Mr. Smith, our English teacher, lives at 10 Jalan Diponegoro.
- I once lived at 101-17 Maitland, Dundass St. Toronto.
c. at + jam
Contoh:
- The class begins at 7 a.m and ends at 9.30 a.m.
- I was helping my mother at 6 o’clock last night.
d. at + home/school/work
Contoh:
- Why are you still at home? Aren’t you supposed to be at school?
- He is usually still at work at 5 p.m.
e. at + dawn/noon/night/ midday/dusk/ night/midnight
Gunakan AT jika dikuti oleh dawn (subuh), noon atau midday (tengah hari), dusk (magrib), night (malam), midnight (tengah malam); on the other hand, gunakan IN jika diikuti oleh morning, afternoon, evening. (Lihat Penggunaan IN. c)
Contoh:
- Bats are nocturnal animals because they are active at night.
- We usually have lunch at noon.
- They are hardworking persons. They leave the house at dawn and return home at dusk.
f. at least
At least = at the minimum= sekurang-kurangnya/minimal.
Contoh:
- In order to be admitted as a student at the Canadian universities, you’re required to have a TOEFL score at least 550. (be admitted = diterima)
- If you want to improve your English, you will need to spend at least an hour a day to read the grammar, to look up dictionary, and to practice.
g. at once
At once = immediately = segera.
Contoh:
- Please submit your report at once.
- I don’t have much time to wait. Please come here at once.
Note: jika tanpa AT, ONCE dapat berarti “satu kali” dan “dulu”.
h. at + present/the moment
At present = at the moment = now= sekarang.
Contoh:
- I was reading the usage of the simple present tense this time yesterday, but at present I am reading this topic.
- He is on the phone at the moment.
i. at times
At times = once in a while = occasionally = sekali-sekali, kadang-kadang. Perhatikan: pada ungkapan ini, kata time selalu diimbuhi huruf s (menjadi: at times), bukan at time.
Contoh:
- At times, it is hard to understand what he says.
- Hey guys! Let’s get together at times. (get together = ngumpul-ngumpul).
k. at first
At first= initially = in the beginning = pada awalnya.
Contoh:
- Rini was nervous at first, but later she felt more relaxed.
- Even though James was not attracted to Ani at all at first, he gradually admired her inner beauty. (gradually = sedikit demi sedikit; admire = mengagumi).
